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James Francis Byrnes (; May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American politician from the state of South Carolina. During his career, Byrnes served as a U.S. Representative (1911–1925), a U.S. Senator (1931–1941), a Justice of the Supreme Court (1941–1942), Secretary of State (1945–1947), and 104th governor of South Carolina (1951–1955). He is one of very few politicians to serve in all three branches of the American federal government while also being active in state government. He was a confidant of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was one of the most powerful men in American domestic and foreign policy in the mid-1940s. Historian George E. Mowry called Byrnes, "the most influential southern member of Congress between John Calhoun and Lyndon Johnson."〔David Robertson, ''Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes'' (1994) p. 126〕 ==Early life and career== James Francis "Jimmy" Byrnes was born at 538 King St. in Charleston, South Carolina and reared in Charleston, South Carolina. Byrnes's father, James Francis Byrnes,〔http://www.carolana.com/SC/Governors/jfbyrnes.html〕 died shortly after Byrnes was born. His mother, Elizabeth McSweeney Byrnes, was an Irish-American dressmaker. At the age of fourteen, he left St. Patrick's Catholic School to work in a law office, and became a court stenographer. In 1906, he married the former Maude Perkins Busch of Aiken, South Carolina. Though they had no children, he was the godparent of James Christopher Connor. Byrnes then became an Episcopalian. Political life in the white South was then defined by an individual evidencing an active profession of the Protestant faith. Byrnes’ birth into the Southern, Irish-Catholic lower-middle class; was tolerable, for a life and career as a low level political functionary; but anyone seeking electoral political office in the South; or seeking to be the publically acknowledged personal assistant, advisor, or aide, to such an individual, could neither be Catholic or Jewish. The religious bigotry inherent in the white Southern electorate of that time, was that great. Byrnes' conversion was the formal beginning of that public political life. Byrnes dropped out of school at the age of fourteen. In 1900, when his cousin Governor Miles B. McSweeney appointed him as a clerk for Judge Robert Aldrich of Aiken, he needed to be 21. Byrnes, his mother, and Governor McSweeney just changed his date of birth to that of his older sister Leonora.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=SC Governors - James Francis Byrnes, 1951 - 1955 )〕 He later apprenticed to a lawyer – a not uncommon practice then – read for the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1903. In 1908, he was appointed solicitor for the second circuit of South Carolina, serving until 1910.〔 〕 Byrnes was a protégé of Benjamin Tillman (who was known as "Pitchfork Ben") and often had a moderating influence on the fiery segregationist Senator. In 1910, he narrowly won the state's third Congressional District in the Democratic primary, then tantamount to election. Byrnes proved a brilliant legislator, working behind the scenes to form coalitions and avoiding the high-profile oratory that characterized much of Southern politics. He was a champion of the "good roads" movement that attracted motorists, and politicians, to large-scale road building programs in the 1920s. He became a close ally to President Woodrow Wilson, and Wilson often entrusted important political tasks to the capable young representative rather than to more experienced lawmakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James F. Byrnes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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